The Status of Girls in New Hampshire

^1,2 U.S. Census Bureau. (2022). Age and sex. American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Subject Tables, Table S0101, New Hampshire. https://data.census.gov

³ U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). Sex by age. American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B01001, New Hampshire. https://data.census.gov

⁴ U.S. Census Bureau. (2021). Sex by age. American Community Survey, ACS 5-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B01001 & B01001E, New Hampshire. https://data.census.gov

⁵ U.S. Census Bureau. (2010). Sex by age. American Community Survey, ACS 5-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Tables B01001 & B01001E, New Hampshire. https://data.census.gov

⁶ Corbett, C., & Hill, C. (2015). Solving the equation: The variables for women’s success in engineering and computing. American Association of University Women. https://www.aauw.org/app/uploads/2020/03/Solving-the-Equation-report-nsa.pdf

⁷ Hegewisch, A., Bendick Jr., M., Gault, B., & Hartmann, H. (2016). Pathways to equity: Narrowing the wage gap by improving women’s access to good middle-skill jobs (C438). Institute for Women’s Policy Research. https://womenandgoodjobs.org/about-the-report/

⁸ Breda, T., & Napp, C. (2019). Girls’ comparative advantage in reading can largely explain the gender gap in math-related fields. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(31), 15435–15440. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1905779116

⁹ Pew Research Center. “The State of American Jobs: How the shifting economic landscape is reshaping work and society and affecting the way people think about the skills and training they need to get ahead.” 2016.

¹⁰ Oreopoulos, Philip and Kjell G. Salvanes. “Priceless: The Nonpecuniary Benefits of Schooling.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 25, no. 11 (2011): 159-184.

¹¹ Center of Society and Health. 2014. “Why Education Matters to Health: Exploring the Causes.” Virginia Commonwealth University, Issue Brief no. 1 (2014).

¹² Abel, Jaison and Richard Deitz. “Do the Benefits of College Still Outweigh the Costs?” Federal Reserve of New York. Economics and Finances 20, no.3 (2014).

¹³ Barger, M. M., Kim, E. M., Kuncel, N. R., & Pomerantz, E. M. (2019). The relation between parents’ involvement in children’s schooling and children’s adjustment: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 145(9), 855–890. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000201

¹⁴ Howard, N. R., Howard, K. E., Busse, R. T., & Hunt, C. (2023). Let’s talk: An examination of parental involvement as a predictor of STEM achievement in math for high school girls. Urban Education, 58(4), 586–613. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042085919877933

¹⁵ Krause, K. H., Verlenden, J. V., Szucs, L. E., Swedo, E. A., Merlo, C. L., Niolon, P. H., Leroy, Z. C., Sims, V. M., Deng, X., Lee, S., Rasberry, C. N., & Underwood, J. M. (2022). Disruptions to school and home life among high school students during the COVID-19 pandemic—Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey, United States, January–June 2021. MMWR Supplements, 71(3), 28–34. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.su7103a5

¹⁶ Gordon, M., & Burgess, M. (2020). The hidden impact of COVID-19 on children’s education and learning (The Hidden Impact of Covid-19 on Children: A Global Research Series). Save the Children International. https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/pdf/the_hidden_impact_of_covid-19_on_child_education.pdf/

¹⁷ NH DOE. (2023). Academic proficiency by subject (Assessment Data). New Hampshire Department of Education. https://www.education.nh.gov/who-we-are/division-of-educator-and-analytic-resources/bureau-of-education-statistics/assessment-data

^{18, 26} Irwin, V., Wang, K., Tezil, T., Zhang, J., Filbey, A., Jung, J., Mann, F. B., Dilig, R., & Parker, S. (2023). Report on the Condition of Education 2023 (NCES 2023-144rev). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2023/2023144rev.pdf

¹⁹ CollegeBoard. (2023a). 2023 SAT suite annual report New Hampshire. The College Board. https://reports.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/2023-new-hampshire-sat-suite-of-assessments-annual-report-ADA.pdf

²⁰ CollegeBoard. (2023b). 2023 SAT suite annual report total group. The College Board. https://reports.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/2023-total-group-sat-suite-of-assessments-annual-report.pdf

²¹ NH DOE. (2023). New Hampshire state level data—Graduation rates [xls].

²² Reeves, R. V., & Kalkat, S. (2023, April 18). Racial disparities in the high school graduation gender gap. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/racial-disparities-in-the-high-school-graduation-gender-gap

²³ NAPE. (2023). New Hampshire Education Equity in 2023. National Alliance for Partnerships in Equity. https://napequity.org/wp-content/uploads/New-Hampshire2023.pdf

²⁴ NH DOE. (2023). 2022—2023 state total completers by category in public schools and public academies (Final Data Report ID 31). New Hampshire Department of Education. https://my.doe.nh.gov/iPlatform

²⁵ University System of New Hampshire. (2023). USNH enrollment and majors by gender: Incoming NH residents, first-time, first-year students, fall 2021 and fall 2022, 2-year average [Xlsx].

²⁷ Ma, J., & Pender, M. (2023). Trends in college pricing and student aid 2023 (Trends in Higher Education). The College Board. https://research.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/Trends%20Report%202023.pdf

²⁸ Schak, J. O., Wong, N., & Fung, A. (2021). Student debt and the class of 2020 (16; Our Project on Student Debt). The Institute for College Access & Success. https://ticas.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/classof2020.pdf

²⁹ AAUW. (2017). Women & student loans (Deeper in Debt). American Association of University Women. https://www.aauw.org/resources/research/deeper-in-debt/

³⁰ AAUW. (2021). 2021 update (Deeper In Debt). American Association of University Women. https://www.aauw.org/app/uploads/2021/05/Deeper_In_Debt_2021.pdf

³¹ Sherman, A., & Mitchell, T. (2017, July 17). Economic security programs help low-income children succeed over long term, many studies find. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. https://www.cbpp.org/research/poverty-and-inequality/economic-security-programs-help-low-income-children-succeed-over

³² U.S. Census Bureau. (2022). Poverty status in the past 12 months by sex by age. American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B17001, United States, New Hampshire & all states. https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2022.B17001?q=B17001&g=010XX00US$0400000

³³ Gibbs, H., & Schneider, A. (2023, June 29). Policymakers must understand how education, health care, and economic security shape early child development. Center for American Progress. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/policymakers-must-understand-how-education-health-care-and-economic-security-shape-early-child-development/

³⁴ Murphey, D., & Redd, Z. (2014, January 8). 5 ways poverty harms children—Child trends. ChildTrends. https://www.childtrends.org/publications/5-ways-poverty-harms-children

³⁵ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). A roadmap to reducing child poverty. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/25246

³⁶ U.S. Census Bureau. (2022). Receipt of Supplemental Security Income (SSI), Cash Public Assistance Income, or Food Stamps/SNAP in the past 12 months by household type for children under 18 years in households. American Community Survey, ACS 1-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B09010, New Hampshire. https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2022.B09010?q=Public Assistance&g=040XX00US33.

³⁷ NH DOE. (2023, August 24). NH state level data from production db, free and reduced by gender, 2022-2023 school year [xlsx].

³⁸ NH DOE. (2023). State totals ten years public and private fall enrollments—2013-2014 through 2022-2023 (Report ID 17). New Hampshire Department of Education, Division of Education Analytics and Resources, Bureau of Educational Statistics. https://my.doe.nh.gov/iPlatform/Report/DataReportsSubCategory?reportSubCategoryId=12

³⁹ U.S. Census Bureau. (2021). Sex by age by employment status for the population 16 years and over. American Community Survey, ACS 5-Year Estimates Detailed Tables, Table B23001, New Hampshire & United States. https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT5Y2021.B23001?q=B23001&g=040XX00US33.

⁴⁰ Livingston, G. (2019, February 20). The way U.S. teens spend their time is changing, but differences between boys and girls persist. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2019/02/20/the-way-u-s-teens-spend-their-time-is-changing-but-differences-between-boys-and-girls-persist/

⁴¹ Freeman, A., & Dodson, L. (2023, August 3). Why millions of girls are doing unpaid care work this summer. Time. https://time.com/6300734/girls-unpaid-care-work-summer-essay/

⁴² Annie E. Casey Foundation. (2023, June 14). 2023 kids count data book: State trends in child well-being. The Annie E. Casey Foundation. https://www.aecf.org/resources/2023-kids-count-data-book

^{43,60,73,76,77,79,82} NH DHHS. (2023). 2021 Youth Risk Behavior Survey results: New Hampshire high school survey trend analysis report. New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services. https://wisdom.dhhs.nh.gov/wisdom/assets/content/resources/yrbs-2021/2021NHH%20Trend%20Report.pdf

⁴⁴ NH DHHS. (2023). New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 2017-2021 dataset export by sex and race/ethnicity and sexual identity [csv].

⁴⁵ Health Disparities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 26 May 2023, www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/disparities/index.htm.

^46,50,52,61 NH DHHS. (2021). Youth Risk Behavior Survey summary. NH Health and Human Services Data Portal, New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services. https://wisdom.dhhs.nh.gov

⁴⁷ Ryding, F. C., & Kuss, D. J. (2020). The use of social networking sites, body image dissatisfaction, and body dysmorphic disorder: A systematic review of psychological research. Psychology of Popular Media, 9(4), 412–435. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000264

⁴⁸ Office of the Surgeon General. (2023). Social media and youth mental health (U.S. Surgeon General’s Advisory). U.S. Public Health Service. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/sg-youth-mental-health-social-media-advisory.pdf

⁴⁹ Yamamiya, Y., & Stice, E. (2023). Risk factors that predict future onset of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and purging disorder in adolescent girls. Behavior Therapy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2023.10.002

^51,62 NH DHHS. (2019). Youth Risk Behavior Survey summary. NH Health and Human Services Data Portal, New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services. https://wisdom.dhhs.nh.gov

⁵³ Gaylor, E. M., Krause, K. H., Welder, L. E., Cooper, A. C., Ashley, C., Mack, K. A., Crosby, A. E., Trinh, E., Ivey-Stephenson, A. Z., & Whittle, L. (2023). Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among high school students—Youth Risk Behavior Survey, United States, 2021. MMWR Supplements, 72(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.su7201a6

⁵⁴ Office of Population Affairs. (2022). Mental health for adolescents. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https://opa.hhs.gov/adolescent-health/mental-health-adolescents

⁵⁵ NH DHHS. (2023, September 28). Percent of NH children by age and gender with at least one service for selected mental health conditions in CY 2022 [Xlsx]. Enterprise Business Intelligence (EBI), NH Comprehensive Healthcare Information System.

⁵⁶ Crisis Text Line. (2023). Engagement dashboard, January 01—July 27, 2023, New Hampshire.

⁵⁷ Sonfield, A., Hasstedt, K., Kavanaugh, M. L., & Anderson, R. (2013). The social and economic benefits of women’s ability to determine whether and when to have children. Guttmacher Institute. https://www.guttmacher.org/report/social-and-economic-benefits-womens-ability-determine-whether-and-when-have-children

⁵⁸ Keller, L. H. (2020). Reducing STI cases: Young people deserve better sexual health information and services (Vol. 23). Guttmacher Policy Review. https://www.guttmacher.org/gpr/2020/04/reducing-sti-cases-young-people-deserve-better-sexual-health-information-and-services

⁵⁹ Stevenson, A. J., Genadek, K. R., Yeatman, S., Mollborn, S., & Menken, J. A. (2021). The impact of contraceptive access on high school graduation. Science Advances, 7(19), eabf6732. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf6732

⁶³ Warner, L., Stone, K. M., Macaluso, M., Buehler, J. W., & Austin, H. D. (2006). Condom use and risk of gonorrhea and chlamydia: A systematic review of design and measurement factors assessed in epidemiologic studies. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 33(1), 36–51. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.olq.0000187908.42622.fd

⁶⁴ Katz, D. A., Copen, C. E., Haderxhanaj, L. T., Hogben, M., Goodreau, S. M., Spicknall, I. H., & Hamilton, D. T. (2023). Changes in sexual behaviors with opposite-sex partners and sexually transmitted infection outcomes among females and males ages 15–44 years in the USA: National survey of family growth, 2008–2019. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(2), 809–821. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02485-3

⁶⁵ NH DHHS. (2020 and 2023). Chlamydia incidence among persons aged 13-19 years, New Hampshire, 2014—2022 (Infectious Disease Surveillance Section). New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Public Health Services, Bureau of Infectious Disease Control.

⁶⁶ NH DHHS. (2023). STI/HIV data summary report 2017-2021 (Infectious Disease Surveillance Section). New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Public Health Services, Bureau of Infectious Disease Control. https://www.dhhs.nh.gov/sites/g/files/ehbemt476/files/documents2/std-hiv-5yr-report-current.pdf

⁶⁷ “Stats of the State – Teen Birth Rates.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 25 Feb. 2022, www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/sosmap/teen-births/teenbirths.htm.

⁶⁸ Martin, J., Hamilton, B., & Osterman, M. (2023). Births in the United States, 2022 (477; NCHS Data Brief). National Center for Health Statistics. https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc:131354

⁶⁹ NH DHHS. (2024). NH teen births, 2018-2022. NH Health and Human Services Data Portal, New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services. https://wisdom.dhhs.nh.gov

⁷⁰ NCHS & March of Dimes. (2022). Inadequate prenatal care by maternal age: New Hampshire, 2019-2021 Average (National Center for Health Statistics, Final Natality Data). March of Dimes. https://www.marchofdimes.org/peristats

⁷¹ Miech, R. A., Johnston, L. D., Patrick, M. E., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2023). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975–2022: Secondary school students (Monitoring the Future Monograph Series). Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. https://monitoringthefuture.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/mtf2022.pdf

⁷² CDC. (2023). 1991-2021 High School Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://nccd.cdc.gov/youthonline/

^73,74 SAMHSA. (2023). Alcohol use among girls and young women: A worrying trend. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/pep23-03-10-006.pdf

⁷⁵ CDC. (2023). 5 Leading Causes of Death, New Hampshire, 2001—2020, females, ages 13—19, all races. WISQARS leading causes of death visualization tool, National Vital Statistics System, National Center for Health Statistics. https://wisqars.cdc.gov/lcd

⁷⁸ CDC. (2021, September 2). Fast fact: Preventing bullying. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/youthviolence/bullyingresearch/fastfact.html

⁸⁰ New Hampshire anti-bullying laws & policies. (2021, August 1). StopBullying.Gov. https://www.stopbullying.gov/resources/laws/new-hampshire

⁸¹ NH DOE. (2023). Bullying & cyber-bullying. New Hampshire Department of Education. https://www.education.nh.gov/who-we-are/division-of-learner-support/bureau-of-student-wellness/bullying-cyber-bullying

⁸³ DVFRC. (2023). 2020-2021 Biennial report. New Hampshire Domestic Violence Fatality Review Committee. https://www.doj.nh.gov/criminal/victim-assistance/documents/domestic-violence-report-2022.pdf

⁸⁴ CDC. (2023c, January 27). Fast facts: Preventing teen dating violence. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/intimatepartnerviolence/teendatingviolence/fastfact.html

⁸⁵ RAINN. (2023). Effects of sexual violence. Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network. https://www.rainn.org/effects-sexual-violence